Maipurean Totally Explained

Everything about Maipurean totally explained

Maipurean (also Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúre, Arawakan, Arahuacan, Maipuran Arawakan, "mainstream" Arawakan, Arawakan proper) is a language family that spans from the Caribbean and Central America to every country in South America excepting Uruguay and Chile. Maipurean may be related to other language families in a hypothetical Arawakan stock.
The name Maipurean/Maipuran was named after the Maipure language of Colombia and Venezuela by Filippo S. Gilij in 1782.

Maipurean vs. Arawakan

In recent years, the term Maipurean refers to a core family of undoubtedly related languages while the term Arawakan refers to a larger and hypothetical phylum at a level above Maipurean. In this sense, Maipurean is a sub-grouping under a (macro-)Arawakan stock along with Guajiboan, Arauan, Candoshi, Harákmbut, and the extinct Puquina.
Another usage of the term Arawakan is synonymous with Maipurean where they both are used interchangeably to refer to this core family. In this sense, readers may find Arawakan referring to the larger grouping and Arawakan Proper referring the (Maipurean) subgrouping.

Family division

The classification of Maipurean is difficult due to the large number of languages which are extinct and poorly documented. The following (tentative) classification is from Kaufman (1994: 57-60). In addition to the family tree detailed below, there are a few languages that are "Non-Maipurean Arawakan languages or too scantily known to classify" (Kaufman 1994: 58), which include:

Shebaye (†)
Lapachu (†)
Morique (a.k.a. Morike) (†)

Another language is also mentioned as "Arawakan":

Salumã (a.k.a. Salumán, Enawené-Nawé) Including these unclassified languages mentioned above, the Maipurean family has about 64 languages. Out of these, 29 languages are now extinct: Wainumáf, Mariaté, Anauyá, Amarizana, Jumana, Pasé, Cawishana, Garú, Marawá, Guinao, Yavitero, Maipure, Manao, Kariaí, Waraikú, Yabaána, Wiriná, Aruán, Taíno, Kalhíphona, Marawán-Karipurá, Saraveca, Custenau, Paunaca, Inapari, Kanamaré, Shebaye, Lapachu, and Morique.
Gordon (2005) lists Aikaná (a.k.a. Tubarão) and Irantxe (a.k.a. Irántxe) under Maipurean, but Campbell (1997) & Kaufman (1994) list these languages as a language isolates/unclassified languages. Gordon also lists the following extinct "unclassified Arawkan" languages which don't appear in Campbell or Kaufman:

Chané

Cumeral

Omejes

Ponares

Tomedes (a.k.a. Tamudes) Ponares may be related to Piapoco or Achagua. Chané may be a dialect of Terena although Gordon says that it's distinct from Terena (note also that Gordon considers Guana a separate language while Campbell and Kaufman consider this a dialect of Terena).

Northern Maipurean

I. Northern Maipurean ť A. Upper Amazon branch

   : i. Western Nawiki ť :: a. Wainumá group (†)

   ::: 1. Wainumá (†) ť ::: 2. Mariaté (†)

   :: 3. Anauyá (†) ť :: b. Piapoko group

   ::: 4. Achagua (a.k.a. Achawa) ť ::: 5. Piapoco (a.k.a. Piapoko)

   ::: 6. Amarizana (†) ť :: 7. Caviyari (a.k.a. Kaviyarí, Cabiyarí)

   :: c. Warekena group ť ::: 8. Guarequena (a.k.a. Warekena)

   ::: 9. Mandahuaca (a.k.a. Mandawaka) ť :: d. Río Negro group

   ::: 10. Jumana (†) ť ::: 11. Pasé (†)

   ::: 12. Cawishana (a.k.a. Kawishana) (†) ť :: e. Yucuna group (a.k.a. Jukuna language area)

   ::: 13. Yucuna (a.k.a. Jukuna) ť ::: 14. Garú (†)

   : ii. Eastern Nawiki ť :: 15. Tariana (a.k.a. Tariano)

   :: a. Karu group ť ::: 16. Ipeka-Kurripako (a.k.a. Curripako, Ipeka-Tapuia-Curripako)

   ::: 17. Karútiana-Baniwa (a.k.a. Baniva, Carútana-Baniwa) ť ::: 18. Katpolítani-Moriwene-Mapanai (dialect?)

   : iii. Resígaro ť :: 19. Resígaro

   : iv. Central Upper Amazon ť :: a. Baré group

   ::: 20. Marawá (†) ť ::: 21. Baré

   ::: 22. Guinao (a.k.a. Ginao) (†) ť :: b. Yavitero group

   ::: 23. Yavitero (†) ť ::: 24. Baniva

   :: 25. Maipure (†) ť : v. Manao (†)

   :: 26. Manao (†) ť :: 27. Kariaí (†)

   : vi unclassified Upper Amazon languages ť :: 28. Waraikú (†)

   :: 29. Yabaána (a.k.a. Yabaâna) (†) ť :: 30. Wiriná (†)

   :: 31. Shiriana (a.k.a. Xiriâna) ť B. Maritime branch

   : i. Aruán ť :: 32. Aruán (†)

   : ii. Wapishana ť :: 33. Wapixana (a.k.a. Wapishana) (dialects: Atorada (aka Atoraí), Mapidian (aka Maopidyán), Wapishana)

   : iii. Ta-Maipurean ť :: 34. Taíno (a.k.a. Taino) (dialects: Baicawa, Cayaba, Cubaba, Eyeri, Lucayo)

ť :: a. Guajiro group (a.k.a. Wahiro)

   ::: 35. Wayuu (a.k.a. Wahiro, Guajiro) ť ::: 36. Paraujano (a.k.a. Parauhano)

   :: 37. Arawak (a.k.a. Arawák) ť :: b. Iñeri group (a.k.a. Inyeri language area)

   ::: 38. Kalhíphona (a.k.a. Island Carib) (†) ť ::: 39. Garífuna (a.k.a. Black Carib)

ť : iv. Palikur

   :: 40. Palikur (a.k.a. Palikúr) ť :: 41. Marawán-Karipúna (†)

Southern Maipurean

II. Southern Maipurean ť A. Western branch

   : 42. Amuesha (a.k.a. Amoesha, Yanesha’) ť : 43. Chamicuro (a.k.a. Chamikuro)

ť B. Central branch

   : i. Paresí group ť :: 44. Peresí (a.k.a. Perecís)

   :: 45. Saraveca (a.k.a. Sarave) (†) ť : ii. Waurá group

   :: 46. Waurá-Meinaku (a.k.a. Waurá-Mehináku) ť :: 47. Yawalpití (a.k.a. Yawalapití)

   :: 48. Custenau (a.k.a. Kustenau) (†) ť C. Southern Outlier branch

   : i. Terena ť :: 49. Terêna (dialects: Kinikinao, Terena, Guaná (aka Guana), Chané)

   : ii. Mojo group (a.k.a. Moho) ť :: a. Mojo language area

   ::: 50. Ignaciano ť ::: 51. Trinitario

   :: 52. Baure ť :: 53. Paunaca (a.k.a. Pauna-Paikone) (†)

   : iii. Piro group ť :: 54. Yine (formerly known as Piro)

   :: 55. Inapari (a.k.a. Iñapari) (†) ť :: 56. Kanamaré (†)

   :: 57. Apurinã (a.k.a. Apuriná) ť D. Campa branch (also known Pre-Andean)

   : 58. Ashéninka ť : 59. Asháninka

   : 60. Axininca ť : 61. Machiguenga (a.k.a. Matsiguenga) (dialects: Caquinte, Machiguenga)

   : 62. NomatsiguengaFurther Information

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